| Restrictions on Short Sales of Securities |
| A short sale of a security is a sale of the security by an investor before the investor actually owns the security being sold. The investor profits if the value of the security declines between the time of the sale and the time of delivery of the security. Short sales may also allow an investor to lock in changes in value shares already held or to hedge against significant changes in value in securities.More... |
| Securities Trading Halts, Delays, and Suspensions |
| The Securities and Exchange Commission may suspend trading in a security for up to ten days. Securities exchanges such as the New York and American Stock Exchanges and Nasdaq may delay trading in a security at the beginning of a trading day or halt trading in a security during the trading day.More... |
| Criminal Law & Procedure> Sentencing> Sentencing Guidelines Generally |
| Criminal LawMore... |
| Sarbanes-Oxley Act |
| Most states recognize that corporate directors and upper-level officers owe the corporation the duties of care, loyalty, and obedience. The duty to act in good faith has emerged in some jurisdictions as an equally important fiduciary duty imposed upon directors and officers. Historically, directors and officers were frequently exonerated of personal liability for business decisions because of courts' long-standing deference to the business decision under the business judgment rule or because the transaction was deemed fair to the corporation and its shareholders overall. In the wake of recent corporate scandals, however, officers and directors are under ever-increasing scrutiny by shareholders, the courts, state governments, and the federal government. Many corporate commentators bemoan the fact that conduct once protected under the business judgment rule may not be viewed with such deference in the future. More... |
| Business & Corporate Entities> Corporations> Directors & Officers> Management Duties & Liabilities |
| (Sources of Document Retention Requirements)More... |